“Snakes are really susceptible, shy animals that conceal the majority of the time, and we still have a lot to find out about them,” says toxinologist Christina Zdenek from the University of Queensland in Australia.
“Because snakes do not have external ears, individuals normally believe they’re deaf and can just feel vibrations through the ground and into their bodies.”
While scientists have actually long understood snakes are not deaf, it was believed their hearing is relatively weak compared to their other senses like taste and sight. For example, hatchling pine snakes (Pituophis melanoleucus) are understood to respond more to visual than acoustic stimulus, recommending their hearing just isn’t up to par.
But there’s still some sign that hearing is necessary for the survival of lots of slitherers, possibly in caution of approaching predators, for instance.
Using 19 different types of snake including those that wind their way across the dirt, swing in the trees, and slide through water, Zdenek and colleagues tested sounds between 0 and 450 Hertz.
“We played one sound which produced ground vibrations, while the other two were airborne only,” explains Zdenek.
“It meant we were able to test both types of ‘hearing’ – tactile hearing through the snakes’ belly scales and airborne through their internal ear.”
The different groups of snakes responded to the airborne sound differently, but those in the same genus responded similarly. This suggests responses are inheritable, the team explains.
“Only the woma python tended to move toward sound, while taipans, brown snakes, and especially death adders were all more likely to move away from it,” notes Zdenek.
At up to 2.7 meters and 5 kilograms (8.9 feet and 11 pounds) the nocturnal woma python was the largest snake tested, with naturally fewer predators, so it makes sense that they’re less cautious than smaller (40 grams to 2 kilograms) species that are most active during the day. These pythons also hunt comparatively larger prey – monitor lizards. The smaller snakes, despite being some of the most venomous in the world, would be targeted by day predators like raptors, monitor lizards, and feral cats.
“Taipans may have to worry about raptor predators and they also actively pursue their prey, so their senses seem to be much more sensitive,” explains Zdenek.
That implies the response to airborne sounds could be potential avoidance behaviors, the researchers explain.
“We know very little about how most snake species navigate situations and landscapes around the world. But our study shows that sound may be an essential part of their sensory collection,” concludes Zdenek.
This research study was released in PLOS ONE.
