Nicholls, D. G. Mitochondrial proton leakages and uncoupling proteins. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Bioenerg. 1862, 148428 (2021 ). An evaluation of UCP1, from the undamaged adipocyte to the separated protein
Nedergaard, J. & & Cannon, B. Diet-induced thermogenesis: concepts and risks. Approaches Mol. Biol. 2448, 177– 202 (2022 ).
Kazak, L. et al. A creatine-driven substrate cycle improves energy expense and thermogenesis in beige fat. Cell 163, 643– 655 (2015 ). The preliminary proposition for an useless creatine cycle in beige fat
Roesler, A. & & Kazak, L. UCP1-independent thermogenesis. Biochem. J. 477, 709– 725 (2020 ).
Himms-Hagen, J. Guideline of metabolic procedures in brown fat in relation to nonshivering thermogenesis. Adv. Enzym. Regul. 8, 131– 151 (1970 ).
Foster, D. O. & & Frydman, M. L. Nonshivering thermogenesis in the rat. II. Measurements of blood circulation with microspheres indicate brown fat as the dominant website of the calorigenesis caused by noradrenaline. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 56, 110– 122 (1978 ).
Lindberg, O., de, P. J., Rylander, E. & & Afzelius, B. A. Research of the mitochondrial energy-transfer system of brown fat. J. Cell Biol. 34, 293– 310 (1967 ).
Rafael, J., Ludolph, H.-J. & & Hohorst, H.-J. Mitochondria from brown fat: uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation by long chain fats and recoupling by guanine triphosphate. Hoppe Seylers Z. Physiol. Chem. 350, 1121– 1131 (1969 ).
Nicholls, D. G., Grav, H. J. & & Lindberg, O. Mitochondria from brown fat: guideline of respiration in vitro by variations in volume of the matrix compartment. Eur. J. Biochem. 31, 526– 533 (1972 ).
Nicholls, D. G. & & Lindberg, O. Brown fat mitochondria: the impact of albumin and nucleotides on passive ion permeabilities. Eur. J. Biochem. 37, 523– 530 (1973 ).
Mitchell, P. & & Moyle, J. Chemiosmotic hypothesis of oxidative phosphorylation. Nature 213, 137– 139 (1967 ).
Nicholls, D. G. The impact of respiration and ATP hydrolysis on the proton electrochemical possible gradient throughout the inner membrane of rat liver mitochondria as figured out by ion circulation. Eur. J. Biochem. 50, 305– 315 (1974 ).
Nicholls, D. G. Hamster brown fat mitochondria: the control of respiration and the proton electrochemical capacity by possible physiological effectors of the proton conductance of the inner membrane. Eur. J. Biochem. 49, 573– 583 (1974 ).
Cunningham, S. A., Wiesinger, H. & & Nicholls, D. G. Metrology of fat activation of the uncoupling protein in brown adipocytes and mitochondria from the guinea-pig. Eur. J. Biochem. 157, 415– 420 (1986 ).
Nicholls, D. G. Hamster brown fat mitochondria: purine nucleotide control of the ionic conductance of the inner membrane, the nature of the nucleotide-binding website. Eur. J. Biochem. 62, 223– 228 (1976 ).
Heaton, G. M., Wagenvoord, R. J., Kemp, A. & & Nicholls, D. G. Brown fat mitochondria: photoaffinity labelling of the regulative website for energy dissipation. Eur. J. Biochem. 82, 515– 521 (1978 ).
Crichton, P. G., Lee, Y. & & Kunji, E. R. The molecular functions of uncoupling protein 1 assistance a standard mitochondrial carrier-like system. Biochimie 134, 35– 50 (2017 ).
Rafael, J. & & Heldt, H. W. Binding of guanine nucleotides to the external surface area of the inner membrane of guinea-pig brown fat mitochondria in connection with the thermogenic capability of the tissue. FEBS Lett. 63, 304– 308 (1976 ).
Cannon, B. & & Nedergaard, J. Brown fat: function and physiological significance. Physiol. Rev. 84, 277– 359 (2004 ).
Rafael, J., Fesser, W. & & Nicholls, D. G. Cold-adaptation in the guinea-pig at the level of the separated brown adipocyte. Am. J. Physiol. 250, C228– C235 (1986 ).
Rial, E. & & Nicholls, D. G. The mitochondrial uncoupling protein from guinea-pig brown fat: concurrent boost in structural and practical criteria throughout cold-adaptation. Biochem. J. 222, 685– 693 (1984 ).
Locke, R. M., Rial, E. & & Nicholls, D. G. The severe guideline of mitochondrial proton conductance in cells and mitochondria from the brown fat of cold-adapted and warm-adapted guinea pigs. Eur. J. Biochem. 129, 381– 387 (1982 ).
Jansky, L. et al. Interspecies distinctions in cold adjustment and nonshivering thermogenesis. Fed. Proc. 28, 1053– 1058 (1969 ).
Cannon, B. Control of fatty-acid oxidation in brown-adipose-tissue mitochondria. Eur. J. Biochem. 23, 125– 135 (1971 ).
Nicholls, D. G. & & Locke, R. M. Thermogenic systems in brown fat. Physiol. Rev. 64, 1– 64 (1984 ).
Virtanen, K. A. et al. Practical brown fat in healthy grownups. N. Engl. J. Medication. 360, 1518– 1525 (2009 ).
Fischer, A. W. et al. Undamaged innervation is important for diet-induced recruitment of brown fat. Am. J. Physiol. 316, E487– E503 (2019 ).
Wang, H. et al. Uncoupling protein-1 expression does not safeguard mice from diet-induced weight problems. Am. J. Physiol. 320, E333– E345 (2021 ).
Rothwell, N. J. & & Stock, M. J. A function for brown fat in diet-induced thermogenesis. Nature 281, 31– 35 (1979 ).
Kozak, L. P. Brown fat and the misconception of diet-induced thermogenesis. Cell Metab. 11, 263– 267 (2010 ).
Hussain, M. F., Roesler, A. & & Kazak, L. Guideline of adipocyte thermogenesis: systems managing weight problems. FEBS J. 287, 3370– 3385 (2020 ).
Enerback, S. et al. Mice doing not have mitochondrial uncoupling protein are cold-sensitive however not overweight. Nature 387, 90– 94 (1997 ).
Kazak, L. et al. UCP1 shortage triggers brown fat breathing chain deficiency and sensitizes mitochondria to calcium overload-induced dysfunction. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 114, 7981– 7986 (2017 ).
Feldmann, H. M., Golozoubova, V., Cannon, B. & & Nedergaard, J. UCP1 ablation causes weight problems and eliminates diet-induced thermogenesis in mice exempt from thermal tension by living at thermoneutrality. Cell Metab. 9, 203– 209 (2009 ).
Matthias, A. et al. Thermogenic reactions in brown fat cells are totally UCP1-dependent. UCP2 or UCP3 do not replacement for UCP1 in adrenergically or fatty acid-induced thermogenesis. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 25073– 25081 (2000 ).
Nedergaard, J. et al. Life without UCPI: mitochondrial, cellular and organismal qualities of the UCPI-ablated mice. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 29, 756– 763 (2001 ).
Golozoubova, V., Cannon, B. & & Nedergaard, J. UCP1 is important for adaptive adrenergic nonshivering thermogenesis. Am. J. Physiol. 291, E350– E357 (2006 ).
Hofmann, W. E. et al. Results of hereditary background on thermoregulation and fatty acid-induced uncoupling of mitochondria in UCP1-deficient mice. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 12460– 12465 (2001 ).
Meyer, C. W. et al. Adaptive thermogenesis and thermal conductance in wild-type and UCP1-KO mice. Am. J. Physiol. 299, R1396– R1406 (2010 ).
Chouchani, E. T., Kazak, L. & & Spiegelman, B. M. New advances in adaptive thermogenesis: UCP1 and beyond. Cell Metab. 29, 27– 37 (2019 ).
Bertholet, A. M. et al. Mitochondrial spot clamp of beige adipocytes exposes UCP1-positive and UCP1-negative cells both displaying useless creatine biking. Cell Metab. 25, 811– 822 (2017 ).
Rahbani, J. F. et al. Creatine kinase B manages useless creatine biking in thermogenic fat. Nature 590, 480– 485 (2021 ). Creatine kinase B is proposed to be the mitochondria-associated isoform for FCC
Sun, Y. et al. Mitochondrial TNAP manages thermogenesis by hydrolysis of phosphocreatine. Nature 593, 580– 585 (2021 ). Tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase is proposed to be the mitochondria-associated phosphocreatine phosphatase
Greenhill, C. Weight problems: function for creatine metabolic process in energy expense. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 13, 624 (2017 ).
Wallimann, T. et al. Intracellular compartmentation, structure and function of creatine kinase isoenzymes in tissues with high and changing energy needs: the ‘phosphocreatine circuit’ for cellular energy homeostasis. Biochem. J. 281, 21– 40 (1992 ).
Wallimann, T., Tokarska-Schlattner, M. & & Schlattner, U. The creatine kinase system and pleiotropic impacts of creatine. Amino Acids 40, 1271– 1296 (2011 ).
Pollard, A. E. et al. AMPK activation secures versus diet plan caused weight problems through Ucp1-independent thermogenesis in subcutaneous white fat. Nat. Metab. 1, 340– 349 (2019 ).
Kuiper, J. W., Oerlemans, F. T., Fransen, J. A. & & Wieringa, B. Creatine kinase B lacking nerve cells display an increased portion of motile mitochondria. BMC Neurosci. 9, 73 (2008 ).
Streijger, F. et al. Mice doing not have brain-type creatine kinase activity program faulty thermoregulation. Physiol. Behav. 97, 76– 86 (2009 ).
Kazak, L. et al. Hereditary deficiency of adipocyte creatine metabolic process prevents diet-induced thermogenesis and drives weight problems. Cell Metab. 26, 693 (2017 ).
Berlet, H. H., Bonsmann, I. & & Birringer, H. Event of totally free creatine, phosphocreatine and creatine phosphokinase in fat. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 437, 166– 174 (1976 ).
Cannon, B. & & Vogel, G. The mitochondrial ATPase of brown fat. Filtration and contrast with the mitochondrial ATPase from beef heart. FEBS Lett. 76, 284– 289 (1977 ).
Maqdasy, S. et al. Impaired phosphocreatine metabolic process in white adipocytes promotes swelling. Nat. Metab. 4, 190– 202 (2022 ).
Bournat, J. C. & & Brown, C. W. Mitochondrial dysfunction in weight problems. Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes. 17, 446– 452 (2010 ).
Connell, N. J. et al. No proof for brown fat activation after creatine supplements in adult vegetarians. Nat. Metab. 3, 107– 117 (2021 ).
Tune, A. et al. Low- and high-thermogenic brown adipocyte subpopulations exist side-by-side in murine fat. J. Clin. Invest. 130, 247– 257 (2020 ).
Schottl, T. et al. Minimal mitochondrial capability of visceral versus subcutaneous white adipocytes in male C57BL/6N mice. Endocrinology 156, 923– 933 (2015 ).
Shabalina, I. G. et al. UCP1 in brite/beige fat mitochondria is functionally thermogenic. Cell Rep. 5, 1196– 1203 (2013 ).
Houstek, J. et al. The expression of subunit c associates with and hence might restrict the biosynthesis of the mitochondrial F0F1-ATPase in brown fat. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 7689– 7694 (1995 ).
Nicholls, D. G. & & Bernson, V. S. M. Inter-relationships in between proton electrochemical gradient, adenine nucleotide phosphorylation capacity and respiration throughout substrate-level and oxidative phosphorylation by mitochondria from brown fat of cold-adapted guinea-pigs. Eur. J. Biochem. 75, 601– 612 (1977 ).
Nicholls, D. G., Shepherd, D. & & Garland, P. B. A constant recording strategy for the measurement of co2, and its application to mitochondrial oxidation and decarboxylation responses. Biochem. J. 103, 677– 691 (1967 ).
Held, N. M. et al. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex plays a main function in brown adipocyte energy expense and fuel usage throughout short-term beta-adrenergic activation. Sci. Rep. 8, 9562 (2018 ).
Briolay, A., Bessueille, L. & & Magne, D. TNAP: a brand-new multitask enzyme in basal metabolism. Int. J. Mol. Sci 22, 10470 (2021 ).
Rahbani, J. F., Chouchani, E. T., Spiegelman, B. M. & & Kazak, L. Measurement of useless creatine biking utilizing respirometry. Approaches Mol. Biol. 2448, 141– 153 (2022 ). Adetailed description of the mitochondrial FCC assay
Lawson, J. W. & & Veech, R. L. Results of pH and totally free Mg 2+ on the K eq of the creatine kinase response and other phosphate hydrolyses and phosphate transfer responses. J. Biol. Chem. 254, 6528– 6537 (1979 ).
Mookerjee, S. A., Gerencser, A. A., Nicholls, D. G. & & Brand Name, M. D. Quantifying rates, paths and versatility of intracellular ATP production and usage utilizing extracellular flux measurements. J. Biol. Chem. 292, 7189– 7207 (2017 ).
Matsushima, K. et al. Contrast of kinetic constants of creatine kinase isoforms. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 38, 83– 88 (2006 ).
Basson, C. T., Grace, A. M. & & Roberts, R. Enzyme kinetics of an extremely cleansed mitochondrial creatine kinase in contrast with cytosolic kinds. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 67, 151– 159 (1985 ).
